Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 12 (week ending 26 March 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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NOIDs weekly report
Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/07 | 2023/08 | 2023/09 | 2023/10 | 2023/11 | 2023/12 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 35 | 11 | 19 | 19 | 16 | 14 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 20 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 11 |
| Borrelia sp | - | 10 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 4 |
| Borrelia tillae | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 14 | 11 | 18 | 12 | 19 | 6 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter gracilis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 185 | 188 | 249 | 180 | 200 | 178 |
| Campylobacter other named | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter sp | 594 | 725 | 675 | 618 | 605 | 654 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | 3 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 31 | 35 | 33 | 36 | 31 | 27 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 105 | 163 | 112 | 106 | 88 | 96 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 221 | 175 | 138 | 163 | 189 | 123 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 14 | 5 | - | 8 | 6 | 16 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 26,695 | 24,324 | 25,109 | 27,701 | 30,301 | 27,328 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 327 | 341 | 374 | 345 | 364 | 332 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 124 | 212 | 95 | 223 | 191 | 117 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 976 | 819 | 398 | 917 | 754 | 465 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 316 | 216 | 148 | 116 | 129 | 109 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 856 | 572 | 522 | 474 | 539 | 517 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium felis | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 8 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 2 |
| Cryptosporidium novel genotype | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 17 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 8 | 8 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 12 | 13 | 20 | 16 | 28 | 38 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | 2 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | - | 4 | - | - | 5 | 5 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 71 | 85 | 70 | 73 | 83 | 74 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 16 | 12 | 17 | 9 | 8 | 6 |
| Hepatitis B | 228 | 336 | 271 | 249 | 262 | 240 |
| Hepatitis C | 294 | 369 | 358 | 301 | 289 | 274 |
| Hepatitis D | 1 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| Hepatitis E | 27 | 33 | 22 | 20 | 27 | 19 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 259 | 1,212 | 163 | 149 | 145 | 101 |
| Influenza B | 639 | 616 | 530 | 551 | 664 | 589 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 28 | 14 | 11 | 19 | 11 | 24 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 13 | 6 | - | 6 | 4 | 13 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella other named | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | 6 |
| Legionella sp | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | - | - |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 84 | 123 | 86 | 90 | 74 | 56 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 10 | 15 | 12 | 14 | 10 | 14 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| Mumps virus | 3 | 1 | 5 | 16 | 4 | 2 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 4 | 8 | 1 | 11 | 6 | 1 |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 40 | 47 | 43 | 52 | 40 | 44 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 1 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 11 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Rickettsia sp | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 1 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 44 | 58 | 51 | 50 | 24 | 12 |
| Salmonella chester | - | - | - | 8 | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 21 | 16 | 23 | 18 | 5 | 7 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | - | - | 8 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 16 | 15 | 96 | 19 | 74 | 86 |
| Salmonella stanley | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 10 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 21 | 12 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 11 | 15 | 16 | 34 | 9 | 7 |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 12 | 27 | 24 | 23 | 13 | 12 |
| Shigella sonnei | 17 | 20 | 12 | 16 | 3 | 14 |
| Shigella sp | 43 | 61 | 130 | 53 | 53 | 65 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 124 | 109 | 122 | 143 | 126 | 114 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 139 | 138 | 111 | 161 | 127 | 118 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/07 | 2023/08 | 2023/09 | 2023/10 | 2023/11 | 2023/12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 5 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 3 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 7 | 8 | 3 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 6 | 14 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 5 | 5 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pluralibacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pluralibacter spp | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/07 | 2023/08 | 2023/09 | 2023/10 | 2023/11 | 2023/12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Acinetobacter variabilis | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
*for all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.