Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 15 (week ending 16 April 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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NOIDs weekly report
Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/10 | 2023/11 | 2023/12 | 2023/13 | 2023/14 | 2023/15 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 19 | 16 | 14 | 18 | 11 | 9 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 11 | 15 | 11 | 6 | 18 | 15 |
| Borrelia sp | 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
| Borrelia tillae | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 12 | 20 | 10 | 21 | 13 | 13 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 183 | 200 | 221 | 227 | 165 | 134 |
| Campylobacter other named | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter rectus | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter sp | 707 | 669 | 663 | 697 | 713 | 531 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | - | 2 | 4 | - | - | - |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 36 | 31 | 27 | 38 | 32 | 35 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 112 | 93 | 99 | 63 | 64 | 45 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 163 | 189 | 123 | 125 | 99 | 85 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 8 | 6 | 16 | 4 | 8 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 28,318 | 30,566 | 27,385 | 22,203 | 13,960 | 13,123 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 345 | 362 | 334 | 406 | 262 | 251 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 223 | 191 | 117 | 101 | 94 | 41 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 918 | 754 | 465 | 427 | 462 | 212 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 116 | 129 | 113 | 122 | 76 | 54 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 474 | 540 | 524 | 440 | 212 | 182 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | 3 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | - | - | - | 4 |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 7 | 7 | 9 | 21 | 14 | 5 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 27 | 15 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 11 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 16 | 23 | 21 | 22 | 30 | 22 |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 5 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | - | 5 | 5 | - | - | 1 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 76 | 86 | 78 | 55 | 63 | 52 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 13 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 8 |
| Hepatitis B | 268 | 284 | 296 | 283 | 272 | 211 |
| Hepatitis C | 319 | 309 | 294 | 298 | 268 | 247 |
| Hepatitis D | 3 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 1 |
| Hepatitis E | 24 | 27 | 22 | 27 | 23 | 26 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 169 | 196 | 128 | 85 | 55 | 63 |
| Influenza B | 599 | 679 | 605 | 470 | 342 | 267 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 19 | 11 | 24 | 11 | 13 | 6 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 6 | 4 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 6 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella pneumophila | 1 | - | 6 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
| Legionella sp | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2 | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 100 | 79 | 68 | 77 | 78 | 85 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 14 | 10 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | - | - | - | 2 | - | 1 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 |
| Mumps virus | 16 | 4 | 2 | - | 4 | 1 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 11 | 6 | 1 | 8 | 10 | 1 |
| Plasmodium ovale | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 52 | 40 | 44 | 47 | 31 | 29 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 7 | 5 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 7 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | - |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia sp | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | 2 | - | - | 2 |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 8 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 49 | 43 | 36 | 12 | 17 | 16 |
| Salmonella agona | - | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | 8 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 18 | 10 | 20 | 14 | 5 | 5 |
| Salmonella infantis | 8 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 5 | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 19 | 36 | 29 | 71 | 106 | 85 |
| Salmonella stanley | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 15 | 21 | 17 | 17 | 11 | 11 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 34 | 19 | 19 | 11 | 6 | 9 |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 3 | 2 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 2 | 3 | - | 2 | - | 1 |
| Shigella flexneri | 24 | 18 | 23 | 17 | 13 | 6 |
| Shigella sonnei | 19 | 7 | 19 | 20 | 11 | 9 |
| Shigella sp | 48 | 43 | 51 | 54 | 68 | 38 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 143 | 126 | 118 | 121 | 128 | 106 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 163 | 128 | 121 | 140 | 123 | 120 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/10 | 2023/11 | 2023/12 | 2023/13 | 2023/14 | 2023/15 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Cronobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cronobacter spp | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | 3 | - | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 4 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 6 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 9 | 9 | 8 | 20 | 11 | 5 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 3 |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 3 | - |
| Other escherichia spp | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | KPC | 5 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 7 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | 9 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 7 | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella serogenes | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | NDM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Other klebsiella spp | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pantoea | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pantoea septica | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Salmonella spp | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/10 | 2023/11 | 2023/12 | 2023/13 | 2023/14 | 2023/15 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Acinetobacter variabilis | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Pseudomonas putida group | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
*for all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.