Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 16 (week ending 23 April 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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NOIDs weekly report
Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/11 | 2023/12 | 2023/13 | 2023/14 | 2023/15 | 2023/16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 16 | 14 | 18 | 11 | 9 | 14 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 15 | 11 | 6 | 18 | 15 | 20 |
| Borrelia sp | 1 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 6 |
| Borrelia tillae | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 20 | 10 | 21 | 13 | 14 | 17 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | - | 1 | - | 2 |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 200 | 221 | 228 | 166 | 158 | 172 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter other named | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter rectus | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 669 | 664 | 696 | 712 | 520 | 835 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 2 | 4 | - | - | - | - |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 31 | 27 | 38 | 32 | 35 | 34 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 93 | 100 | 64 | 66 | 49 | 53 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 189 | 123 | 125 | 99 | 85 | 99 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 6 | 16 | 4 | 8 | - | 5 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 30,571 | 27,385 | 22,207 | 13,954 | 13,105 | 11,125 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 362 | 334 | 406 | 263 | 251 | 157 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 191 | 118 | 101 | 94 | 41 | 46 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 754 | 466 | 427 | 462 | 212 | 187 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 129 | 116 | 125 | 83 | 56 | 74 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 540 | 556 | 454 | 279 | 190 | 225 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | - | - | 2 | - | 3 | - |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | - | - | 3 | 2 |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium felis | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 7 | 9 | 22 | 15 | 6 | 3 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 15 | 23 | 24 | 28 | 24 | 7 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 23 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 12 | 78 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium viatorum | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 2 | 2 | 3 | - | - | 3 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 7 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 5 | 5 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 87 | 78 | 56 | 63 | 54 | 50 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 8 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 8 | 13 |
| Hepatitis B | 288 | 297 | 292 | 278 | 234 | 202 |
| Hepatitis C | 311 | 298 | 302 | 274 | 252 | 280 |
| Hepatitis D | 2 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Hepatitis E | 27 | 22 | 27 | 23 | 27 | 24 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 196 | 127 | 85 | 55 | 63 | 42 |
| Influenza B | 679 | 605 | 470 | 342 | 271 | 188 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 11 | 24 | 11 | 13 | 6 | - |
| Influenza ungrouped | 4 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 6 | - |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Legionella pneumophila | - | 6 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Legionella sp | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | - | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 79 | 69 | 81 | 87 | 91 | 84 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 10 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 12 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | - | - | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 7 |
| Mumps virus | 4 | 2 | - | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 6 | 1 | 8 | 10 | 1 | 5 |
| Plasmodium ovale | 2 | - | - | - | - | 3 |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 40 | 44 | 47 | 31 | 29 | 43 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 5 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 4 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | 2 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia sp | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 43 | 38 | 39 | 46 | 19 | 20 |
| Salmonella agona | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 10 | 22 | 23 | 31 | 9 | 6 |
| Salmonella newport | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 36 | 24 | 21 | 48 | 75 | 126 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 21 | 17 | 17 | 11 | 14 | 7 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 19 | 20 | 21 | 10 | 10 | 16 |
| Salmonella weltevreden | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 3 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 18 | 23 | 17 | 13 | 6 | 8 |
| Shigella sonnei | 7 | 19 | 22 | 14 | 10 | 6 |
| Shigella sp | 43 | 51 | 52 | 65 | 38 | 65 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 126 | 118 | 121 | 128 | 109 | 140 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 128 | 122 | 140 | 123 | 121 | 117 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/11 | 2023/12 | 2023/13 | 2023/14 | 2023/15 | 2023/16 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | 4 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Cronobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cronobacter spp | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | - | 2 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | 3 | - | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 7 | 6 | 3 | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | 4 | 5 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 8 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| Ìý | NDM | 9 | 8 | 20 | 11 | 8 | 3 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 2 |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | 2 | 4 | - | - |
| Other escherichia spp | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | KPC | 3 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 4 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 5 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella serogenes | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Pantoea | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pantoea septica | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pluralibacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pluralibacter spp | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Salmonella spp | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | OXA48 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/11 | 2023/12 | 2023/13 | 2023/14 | 2023/15 | 2023/16 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Pseudomonas putida group | IMP | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
*for all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.