Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 19 (week ending 14 May 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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NOIDs weekly report
Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/14 | 2023/15 | 2023/16 | 2023/17 | 2023/18 | 2023/19 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 11 | 9 | 17 | 22 | 17 | 13 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 18 | 15 | 21 | 16 | 13 | 21 |
| Borrelia sp | 5 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Borrelia tillae | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella melitensis | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Brucella sp | - | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 14 | 15 | 19 | 26 | 9 | 15 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 169 | 162 | 221 | 265 | 204 | 179 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter other named | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Campylobacter rectus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 715 | 523 | 815 | 792 | 717 | 772 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 33 | 35 | 32 | 53 | 58 | 38 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 66 | 49 | 53 | 43 | 40 | 43 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 99 | 85 | 99 | 113 | 88 | 141 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 8 | - | 5 | 4 | 14 | 7 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 13,961 | 13,103 | 11,084 | 10,550 | 9,838 | 8,041 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 264 | 252 | 157 | 186 | 231 | 100 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibody positive | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 94 | 41 | 46 | 63 | 64 | 79 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 462 | 212 | 187 | 256 | 176 | 305 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody negative | - | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 83 | 56 | 74 | 102 | 62 | 67 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 279 | 190 | 225 | 303 | 174 | 175 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | - | 3 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium felis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 15 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 30 | 26 | 62 | 110 | 55 | 30 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 19 | 8 | 25 | 56 | 57 | 64 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium viatorum | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | - | - | 3 | - | - | 1 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 4 | 8 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | - | 1 | - | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 63 | 55 | 50 | 56 | 67 | 65 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 17 | 8 | 13 | 6 | 9 | 10 |
| Hepatitis B | 301 | 250 | 252 | 260 | 209 | 222 |
| Hepatitis C | 278 | 263 | 306 | 327 | 289 | 299 |
| Hepatitis D | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 |
| Hepatitis E | 24 | 27 | 25 | 17 | 30 | 20 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 56 | 63 | 44 | 59 | 48 | 74 |
| Influenza B | 342 | 274 | 188 | 172 | 146 | 101 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 13 | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Influenza ungrouped | 11 | 6 | - | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| Legionella sp | 1 | 1 | - | 3 | 1 | 6 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 93 | 95 | 96 | 101 | 75 | 66 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 12 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 14 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | - | 1 | - | - | 3 | 4 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 5 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| Mumps virus | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 10 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 1 |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | 3 | - | - | 1 |
| Plasmodium vivax | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 31 | 29 | 43 | 51 | 46 | 33 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 8 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 9 | 6 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | 2 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia sp | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | 2 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 2 | - |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 48 | 42 | 49 | 61 | 15 | 26 |
| Salmonella agona | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 41 | 36 | 63 | 58 | 16 | 21 |
| Salmonella infantis | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 23 | 10 | 15 | 38 | 101 | 98 |
| Salmonella stanley | - | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 12 | 14 | 7 | 14 | 19 | 13 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 14 | 18 | 32 | 23 | 14 | 13 |
| Salmonella enterica | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 1 | - | - | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 19 | 10 | 17 | 13 | 4 | 13 |
| Shigella sonnei | 17 | 14 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 11 |
| Shigella sp | 58 | 34 | 51 | 52 | 56 | 47 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 128 | 110 | 146 | 122 | 108 | 70 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 125 | 123 | 120 | 112 | 106 | 75 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/14 | 2023/15 | 2023/16 | 2023/17 | 2023/18 | 2023/19 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cronobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cronobacter spp | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | 3 | - | - | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 5 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 8 |
| Ìý | NDM | 12 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 7 | 6 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 6 | 10 | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 4 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | NDM | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 5 |
| Ìý | NDM | 4 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 9 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 10 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella serogenes | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Kluyvera | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Kluyvera spp | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Morganella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Morganella morganii | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pantoea | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pantoea agglomerans | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Pantoea septica | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pluralibacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pluralibacter spp | KPC | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Salmonella virchow | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other salmonella spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/14 | 2023/15 | 2023/16 | 2023/17 | 2023/18 | 2023/19 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | - | - | 3 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens group | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas nitroreducens | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Pseudomonas putida group | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
*for all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.