Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 3 (week ending 22 January 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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NOIDs weekly report
Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2022/50 | 2022/51 | 2022/52 | 2023/01 | 2023/02 | 2023/03 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 15 | 11 | 10 | 15 | 22 | 16 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 3 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 24 | 20 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 17 |
| Borrelia sp | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | 7 |
| Borrelia tillae | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 25 | 29 | 13 | 20 | 16 | 21 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 152 | 283 | 130 | 177 | 204 | 141 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter other named | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 611 | 623 | 344 | 439 | 634 | 719 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 1 | 1 | - | - | 2 | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 2 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 34 | 50 | 33 | 34 | 20 | 30 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 141 | 165 | 206 | 196 | 197 | 119 |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 284 | 276 | 195 | 206 | 170 | 331 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 6 | 14 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 38,019 | 42,371 | 37,406 | 29,470 | 16,712 | 13,388 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 390 | 414 | 374 | 433 | 407 | 290 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibody positive | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 332 | 804 | 110 | 165 | 194 | 276 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 1,466 | 1,800 | 453 | 691 | 1,148 | 2,074 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody positive | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 278 | 405 | 83 | 158 | 237 | 356 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 920 | 1,328 | 292 | 722 | 1,024 | 1,317 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 9 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium felis | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 21 | 35 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 10 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 32 | 61 | 14 | 9 | 23 | 21 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 24 | 27 | 8 | 8 | 19 | 43 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 4 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 2 | - | - | 1 | 11 | 3 |
| Giardia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Giardia lamblia | - | 2 | 2 | - | 3 | 1 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 66 | 76 | 62 | 91 | 89 | 80 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 11 | 14 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 18 |
| Hepatitis B | 274 | 276 | 143 | 198 | 239 | 238 |
| Hepatitis C | 310 | 332 | 216 | 221 | 303 | 276 |
| Hepatitis D | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| Hepatitis E | 46 | 52 | 26 | 24 | 36 | 32 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 12,474 | 22,579 | 14,717 | 7,658 | 2,610 | 978 |
| Influenza B | 545 | 769 | 852 | 755 | 546 | 439 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 43 | 17 | 50 | 22 | 4 | 1 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 349 | 663 | 539 | 243 | 82 | 31 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 9 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 |
| Legionella sp | - | - | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 1 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 76 | 76 | 40 | 40 | 58 | 82 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 20 | 26 | 26 | 42 | 36 | 18 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Monkeypox virus | - | 4 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | - | 3 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Mumps virus | 4 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 4 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | - | - | 1 | 3 | 18 |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | - | - | - | - | 4 |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | - | - | - | 4 |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 43 | 44 | 28 | 28 | 74 | 35 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 11 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | - | - | - | - | - | 3 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Rickettsia sp | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 5 | - | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 44 | 61 | 41 | 35 | 27 | 6 |
| Salmonella agona | 5 | 8 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 25 | 29 | 12 | 19 | 9 | 6 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | - | 6 | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 6 | 23 | - | 18 | 70 | 91 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 9 | - | 5 | - | 8 | 14 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 24 | 25 | 15 | 12 | 12 | 8 |
| Salmonella virchow | - | - | 7 | 6 | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 21 | 7 | 9 | 14 | 12 | 7 |
| Shigella sonnei | 18 | 19 | 16 | 7 | 10 | 10 |
| Shigella sp | 31 | 37 | 11 | 29 | 34 | 74 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 144 | 214 | 197 | 193 | 190 | 102 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 142 | 238 | 303 | 237 | 143 | 103 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2022/50 | 2022/51 | 2022/52 | 2023/01 | 2023/02 | 2023/03 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 3 | - | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 9 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | 4 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Escherichia hermannii | OXA48 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 4 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | - | - | 3 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 7 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
| Ìý | NDM | 7 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 3 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 3 | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | OXA48 | - | - | - | 2 | - | 1 |
| Other proteus spp | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms*
Please note: The numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit
| Week notification received | 2022/50 | 2022/51 | 2022/52 | 2023/01 | 2023/02 | 2023/03 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | - | 2 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Other pseudomonas spp | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
*for all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.