Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 38 (week ending 24 September 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/33 | 2023/34 | 2023/35 | 2023/36 | 2023/37 | 2023/38 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 28 | 27 | 15 | 24 | 29 | 28 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 14 | 15 | 10 | 8 | 17 | 11 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 48 | 52 | 55 | 34 | 50 | 62 |
| Borrelia other named | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Borrelia sp | 16 | 11 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 6 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella sp | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 53 | 38 | 38 | 45 | 37 | 35 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 320 | 308 | 274 | 353 | 278 | 219 |
| Campylobacter other named | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,126 | 1,139 | 894 | 1,136 | 1,208 | 1,180 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | 1 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 22 | 32 | 30 | 28 | 36 | 34 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 8 | 12 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 13 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 85 | 83 | 76 | 61 | 139 | 92 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 5 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 5 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 7,134 | 7,259 | 9,470 | 11,766 | 10,904 | 12,598 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 77 | 66 | 174 | 68 | 56 | 68 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 45 | 41 | 31 | 68 | 88 | 57 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 164 | 198 | 151 | 161 | 400 | 233 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 62 | 65 | 65 | 69 | 74 | 68 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 148 | 162 | 165 | 185 | 208 | 195 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 6 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 42 | 69 | 84 | 133 | 158 | 117 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 61 | 72 | 56 | 76 | 75 | 55 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 44 | 53 | 76 | 129 | 222 | 271 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 2 | 2 | - | 3 | - | 4 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 6 | 16 | 22 | 20 | 16 | 11 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 3 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 59 | 48 | 36 | 64 | 54 | 35 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 6 | 12 | 7 | 11 | 24 | 16 |
| Hepatitis B | 290 | 286 | 231 | 240 | 250 | 271 |
| Hepatitis C | 376 | 360 | 312 | 300 | 390 | 288 |
| Hepatitis D | 9 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 10 |
| Hepatitis E | 22 | 26 | 28 | 25 | 21 | 28 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 49 | 44 | 52 | 70 | 84 | 111 |
| Influenza B | 10 | 23 | 9 | 24 | 19 | 20 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 2 | 2 | - | 5 | 5 | 3 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Legionella other named | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Legionella pneumophila | 5 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 |
| Legionella sp | 9 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 102 | 77 | 67 | 69 | 49 | 95 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 15 | 184 | 12 | 21 | 16 | 22 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 1 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 4 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Mumps virus | 2 | - | 5 | 6 | 5 | 8 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | 1 | 4 | 21 | 3 | 3 |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | - | - | 6 | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 64 | 50 | 25 | 47 | 51 | 59 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 15 | 11 | 6 | 11 | 6 | 13 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | - | - | 2 | - | 1 | 2 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia sp | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | - | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | - |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 75 | 53 | 46 | 70 | 43 | 39 |
| Salmonella agona | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | - | 7 | 6 | 10 | 9 | 5 |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 79 | 107 | 80 | 88 | 57 | 32 |
| Salmonella infantis | 21 | 12 | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella java | - | 7 | 6 | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 12 | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella oranienburg | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | - | 6 | 7 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 15 | 22 | 19 | 67 | 221 | 234 |
| Salmonella stanley | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 17 | 7 | 13 | 32 | 30 | 23 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 48 | 46 | 45 | 61 | 18 | 12 |
| Salmonella virchow | - | 5 | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | - | - | 5 | - | - | 7 |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | - | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Shigella flexneri | 12 | 15 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 1 |
| Shigella sonnei | 27 | 31 | 21 | 30 | 29 | 23 |
| Shigella sp | 55 | 72 | 63 | 88 | 90 | 91 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 51 | 65 | 61 | 45 | 57 | 48 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 66 | 64 | 53 | 55 | 57 | 51 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 4 | 2 | 6 | 2 | - | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/33 | 2023/34 | 2023/35 | 2023/36 | 2023/37 | 2023/38 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 3 | - | 1 | - | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cronobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cronobacter spp | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Ìý | KPC | 5 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| Ìý | NDM | 6 | 8 | 9 | 15 | 10 | 5 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 2 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 3 | - | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 3 |
| Ìý | NDM | 14 | 16 | 10 | 17 | 16 | 3 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 24 | 19 | 18 | 9 | 12 | 3 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Escherichia hermannii | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | - | - | - | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 4 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 |
| Ìý | KPC | 16 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 9 | 13 |
| Ìý | NDM | 10 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 6 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp ozenae | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Morganella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Morganella morganii | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella spp | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/33 | 2023/34 | 2023/35 | 2023/36 | 2023/37 | 2023/38 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | - | - | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens group | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas putida group | NDM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Other pseudomonas spp | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |