Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 44 (week ending 5 November 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/39 | 2023/40 | 2023/41 | 2023/42 | 2023/43 | 2023/44 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 30 | 25 | 28 | 34 | 17 | 20 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 18 | 15 | 14 | 7 | 12 | 10 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 44 | 35 | 51 | 38 | 39 | 36 |
| Borrelia sp | 3 | 4 | 12 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella canis | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Brucella melitensis | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Brucella sp | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Burkholderia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Burkholderia mallei | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 53 | 28 | 46 | 28 | 34 | 29 |
| Campylobacter gracilis | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 305 | 253 | 333 | 238 | 300 | 262 |
| Campylobacter other named | - | 1 | 4 | - | 2 | 2 |
| Campylobacter rectus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,078 | 930 | 970 | 1,102 | 1,042 | 1,034 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | - | - | 1 | 3 | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 27 | 30 | 26 | 24 | 19 | 25 |
| Clostridium tetani | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 27 | 29 | 16 | 22 | 20 | 14 |
| SARS coronavirus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 108 | 124 | 126 | 114 | 133 | 129 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 4 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 6 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 16,283 | 15,899 | 12,027 | 8,839 | 6,897 | 5,903 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 81 | 136 | 124 | 167 | 96 | 70 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 63 | 72 | 60 | 58 | 25 | 45 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 183 | 230 | 207 | 236 | 163 | 162 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 79 | 55 | 105 | 49 | 60 | 46 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 223 | 178 | 260 | 145 | 139 | 115 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 1 | 4 | - | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | 3 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium felis | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 213 | 171 | 192 | 128 | 97 | 35 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 87 | 66 | 87 | 64 | 50 | 16 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 85 | 75 | 91 | 156 | 99 | 181 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium viatorum | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | - | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 26 | 21 | 18 | 37 | 20 | 11 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 4 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 2 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 55 | 45 | 60 | 53 | 61 | 83 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 18 | 12 | 22 | 21 | 15 | 15 |
| Hepatitis B | 264 | 246 | 328 | 293 | 302 | 295 |
| Hepatitis C | 332 | 312 | 282 | 272 | 261 | 233 |
| Hepatitis D | 4 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 6 |
| Hepatitis E | 37 | 31 | 28 | 28 | 31 | 18 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 97 | 101 | 130 | 122 | 157 | 207 |
| Influenza B | 23 | 55 | 69 | 50 | 53 | 65 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 5 | 6 | - | 5 | 2 | 17 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella other named | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 3 | 4 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 6 |
| Legionella sp | 2 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 8 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 83 | 82 | 96 | 67 | 80 | 69 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 13 | 10 | 20 | 32 | 19 | 25 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 3 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 20 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 6 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Mumps virus | 2 | 2 | 8 | - | 4 | 5 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 3 | 30 | 19 | 15 | 8 | 1 |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | 2 | 1 | 3 | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 45 | 46 | 87 | 53 | 48 | 45 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 7 | 5 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 6 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 16 | 7 | 19 | 25 | 15 | 18 |
| Rabies virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rabies virus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 3 | 3 | 4 | 24 | 10 | 18 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 62 | 54 | 81 | 56 | 44 | 22 |
| Salmonella agona | - | 5 | - | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella bareilly | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella bovis-morbificans | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | - |
| Salmonella enterica | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 81 | 81 | 104 | 97 | 37 | 17 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | - | 9 | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella java | - | - | 8 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella kentucky | - | - | - | - | 5 | - |
| Salmonella newport | 8 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 6 | - |
| Salmonella oranienburg | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | 12 | 20 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 6 |
| Salmonella sp | 47 | 13 | 24 | 35 | 100 | 185 |
| Salmonella stanley | - | - | 9 | 11 | 5 | 5 |
| Salmonella thompson | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 26 | 25 | 18 | 22 | 8 | 6 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 44 | 32 | 47 | 29 | 23 | 8 |
| Salmonella unnamed | - | - | - | - | - | 5 |
| Salmonella virchow | - | 5 | - | - | 5 | - |
| Salmonella enterica | - | - | 9 | 5 | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 16 | 11 | 15 | 12 | 8 | 3 |
| Shigella sonnei | 26 | 20 | 31 | 35 | 23 | 28 |
| Shigella sp | 60 | 46 | 43 | 66 | 66 | 61 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 42 | 33 | 43 | 55 | 49 | 51 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 70 | 77 | 104 | 111 | 112 | 132 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | 1 | - | 3 | - | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/39 | 2023/40 | 2023/41 | 2023/42 | 2023/43 | 2023/44 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | - | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cronobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cronobacter sakazakii | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other cronobacter spp | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | 2 | 7 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | 11 | 8 | 12 | 4 | 6 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Enterobacter other named | NDM | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | NDM | 2 | 2 | 3 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 3 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | 7 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 13 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 19 | 13 | 15 | 5 | 13 | 5 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Escherichia hermannii | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia vulneris | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 2 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 6 | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | 2 |
| Ìý | KPC | 10 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 6 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | 14 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 17 | 14 | 3 |
| Ìý | VIM | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | IMP | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Morganella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Morganella morganii | OXA48 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pantoea | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pantoea agglomerans | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other pantoea spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other proteus spp | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other serratia spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/39 | 2023/40 | 2023/41 | 2023/42 | 2023/43 | 2023/44 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii complex | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | - |
| Pseudomonas koreensis | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas stutzeri group | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |