Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 47 (week ending 26 November 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/42 | 2023/43 | 2023/44 | 2023/45 | 2023/46 | 2023/47 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 34 | 18 | 22 | 13 | 16 | 18 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 8 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 12 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 39 | 40 | 36 | 17 | 14 | 36 |
| Borrelia sp | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 6 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella melitensis | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Brucella sp | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Burkholderia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 28 | 36 | 32 | 27 | 33 | 34 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter gracilis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 242 | 303 | 284 | 303 | 312 | 240 |
| Campylobacter other named | - | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,104 | 1,048 | 1,016 | 972 | 1,043 | 1,016 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | 1 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 24 | 19 | 25 | 21 | 38 | 39 |
| Clostridium tetani | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 23 | 20 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 23 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 114 | 133 | 129 | 105 | 120 | 132 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 2 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 8,837 | 6,894 | 5,866 | 3,946 | 4,424 | 4,046 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 167 | 97 | 70 | 57 | 55 | 45 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 58 | 25 | 41 | 41 | 36 | 34 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 236 | 163 | 158 | 191 | 177 | 166 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 49 | 60 | 43 | 33 | 67 | 24 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 145 | 139 | 116 | 94 | 114 | 69 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 2 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium felis | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 129 | 101 | 87 | 116 | 123 | 24 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 67 | 55 | 41 | 64 | 42 | 11 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 153 | 88 | 107 | 62 | 108 | 166 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium viatorum | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 38 | 23 | 17 | 12 | 13 | 5 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 2 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 54 | 59 | 61 | 73 | 79 | 59 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 22 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 9 | 13 |
| Hepatitis B | 299 | 316 | 317 | 269 | 295 | 298 |
| Hepatitis C | 274 | 275 | 243 | 212 | 304 | 242 |
| Hepatitis D | 7 | 10 | 6 | 3 | 20 | 14 |
| Hepatitis E | 29 | 38 | 20 | 28 | 24 | 21 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 122 | 151 | 205 | 247 | 314 | 369 |
| Influenza B | 50 | 50 | 62 | 79 | 68 | 56 |
| Influenza indeterminate | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Influenza ungrouped | 5 | 2 | 17 | 4 | 10 | 14 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 6 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 2 |
| Legionella sp | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
| Leptospira | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leptospira interrogans | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 6 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 70 | 86 | 71 | 64 | 81 | 59 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 32 | 19 | 25 | 26 | 33 | 31 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 6 | 2 | 20 | 8 | 10 | 7 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 11 |
| Mumps virus | - | 4 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 15 | 8 | 1 | - | 16 | - |
| Plasmodium malariae | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | 1 | 3 | - | - | 3 | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | 2 | 2 | - | - | 3 | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 53 | 48 | 45 | 55 | 74 | 56 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 11 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 11 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 25 | 15 | 18 | 12 | 15 | 18 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 6 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 53 | 61 | 64 | 51 | 53 | 24 |
| Salmonella agona | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella bareilly | 7 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella braenderup | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | 6 | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 103 | 57 | 76 | 72 | 43 | 18 |
| Salmonella infantis | 7 | 6 | 9 | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella java | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella kentucky | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 10 | 7 | 6 | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella oranienburg | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | 16 | 24 | 14 | 9 | 5 | - |
| Salmonella sp | 24 | 18 | 28 | 21 | 67 | 110 |
| Salmonella stanley | 10 | 7 | 8 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 22 | 8 | 8 | 16 | 12 | 19 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 31 | 34 | 36 | 30 | 27 | 8 |
| Salmonella virchow | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | 5 | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Shigella flexneri | 12 | 13 | 10 | 17 | 17 | 10 |
| Shigella sonnei | 34 | 27 | 33 | 20 | 31 | 23 |
| Shigella sp | 66 | 59 | 48 | 58 | 68 | 63 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 55 | 49 | 52 | 46 | 59 | 60 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 112 | 113 | 134 | 122 | 125 | 118 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 3 | - | - | - | 2 | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/42 | 2023/43 | 2023/44 | 2023/45 | 2023/46 | 2023/47 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | - | 4 | 3 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| Cronobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cronobacter sakazakii | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other cronobacter spp | KPC | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 6 | 7 | 14 | 10 | 5 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 4 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | 3 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 14 | 13 | 6 | 15 | 10 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 5 | 17 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 3 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Escherichia hermannii | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia vulneris | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other escherichia spp | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Hafnia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hafnia alvei | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | IMP | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | IMP | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 5 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 6 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | - | 2 | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | 15 | 7 | 8 | 14 | 9 | 9 |
| Ìý | NDM | 8 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 8 | 7 | 4 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Klebsiella variicola | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Pantoea | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pantoea agglomerans | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pluralibacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pluralibacter gergoviae | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | - | 2 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other proteus spp | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other raoultella spp | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other serratia spp | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/42 | 2023/43 | 2023/44 | 2023/45 | 2023/46 | 2023/47 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas koreensis | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas putida group | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Pseudomonas stutzeri group | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |