Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 9 (week ending 2 March 2025)
Updated 30 April 2025
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia spp
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- hepatitis A
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- hepatitis D
- hepatitis E
- influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- measles virus
- mpox virus
- mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2025/04 | 2025/05 | 2025/06 | 2025/07 | 2025/08 | 2025/09 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile Virus | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 13 | 26 | 23 | 12 | 18 | 14 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 11 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 6 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 22 | 18 | 19 | 14 | 28 | 19 |
| Borrelia sp | 4 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 7 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella sp | 3 | - | 2 | - | - | 4 |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 29 | 27 | 28 | 27 | 32 | 19 |
| Campylobacter concisus | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 268 | 293 | 266 | 335 | 299 | 242 |
| Campylobacter other named | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Campylobacter rectus | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter sp | 949 | 937 | 1,042 | 1,033 | 929 | 1,033 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 26 | 46 | 29 | 39 | 42 | 30 |
| Clostridium tetani | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 215 | 265 | 253 | 273 | 236 | 235 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 3 | 7 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Human coronavirus nl63 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Human coronavirus oc43 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 40 | 34 | 26 | 40 | 12 | 14 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 796 | 886 | 815 | 852 | 928 | 889 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 65 | 44 | 67 | 36 | 48 | 41 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 9 | 22 | 35 | 20 | 27 | 7 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 38 | 58 | 119 | 87 | 83 | 31 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 7 | 4 | - | 6 | 12 | 8 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 38 | 39 | 20 | 25 | 13 | 8 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 3 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 3 | 3 | 12 | 9 | 4 | 3 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 25 | 23 | 17 | 19 | 16 | 10 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 22 | 23 | 17 | 25 | 19 | 37 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | 3 | - | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 8 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 5 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 |
| Giardia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Giardia sp | 99 | 136 | 121 | 125 | 104 | 95 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 92 | 87 | 73 | 72 | 76 | 77 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 15 | 24 | 20 | 34 | 18 | 17 |
| Hepatitis B | 307 | 337 | 281 | 304 | 296 | 246 |
| Hepatitis C | 246 | 287 | 298 | 315 | 286 | 199 |
| Hepatitis D | 11 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 3 |
| Hepatitis E | 38 | 22 | 42 | 37 | 34 | 42 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 5,240 | 4,111 | 2,984 | 2,434 | 2,208 | 1,754 |
| Influenza B | 1,604 | 1,858 | 2,125 | 2,226 | 2,191 | 1,996 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 2 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 1 | - |
| Influenza ungrouped | 146 | 124 | 121 | 85 | 75 | 75 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella pneumophila | 5 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 7 |
| Legionella sp | 3 | - | 5 | 3 | - | 1 |
| Leptospira | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leptospira interrogans | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 4 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 2 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 91 | 79 | 89 | 99 | 74 | 85 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 34 | 39 | 45 | 31 | 33 | 28 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus positive | 4 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 20 | 18 | 18 | 6 | 15 | 20 |
| Mumps virus | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 9 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | - | - | 16 | - | 1 |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 60 | 59 | 57 | 52 | 43 | 60 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 8 | 10 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 6 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 14 | 17 | 17 | 10 | 17 | 11 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia sp | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | - | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 4 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 56 | 61 | 52 | 59 | 39 | 14 |
| Salmonella chester | 7 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 23 | 23 | 26 | 18 | 14 | 8 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella java | - | - | - | 5 | 6 | - |
| Salmonella newport | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 18 | 16 | 28 | 25 | 25 | 102 |
| Salmonella stanley | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 19 | 8 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 12 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 26 | 22 | 15 | 16 | 11 | 16 |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 20 | 13 | 13 | 20 | 10 | 13 |
| Shigella sonnei | 36 | 25 | 18 | 15 | 15 | 8 |
| Shigella sp | 48 | 43 | 51 | 53 | 36 | 63 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 63 | 74 | 76 | 53 | 73 | 58 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 162 | 153 | 165 | 145 | 149 | 172 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | 2 | 3 | - | 2 | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2025/04 | 2025/05 | 2025/06 | 2025/07 | 2025/08 | 2025/09 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 5 | 7 | 5 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 14 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 3 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Enterobacter other named | KPC | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | NDM | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 9 | 11 | 18 | 14 | 10 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 21 | 25 | 14 | 20 | 18 | 4 |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Escherichia hermannii | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | - | - | 2 | - | - | 1 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | IMP | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 6 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 19 | 10 | 9 | 14 | 12 | 4 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Klebsiella variicola | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Kluyvera | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Kluyvera spp | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Morganella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Morganella morganii | OXA48 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | - | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to theÌýAMRHAIÌýReference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2025/04 | 2025/05 | 2025/06 | 2025/07 | 2025/08 | 2025/09 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| Acinetobacter pittii | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | 2 | - | - | 2 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Pseudomonas nitroreducens | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas stutzeri group | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |