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Overview

Noise can have an effect on health, wellbeing, productivity and the natural environment. The government鈥檚 policy on noise is set out in the Noise policy statement for England.

It is estimated that the annual social cost of urban road noise in England is 拢7 billion to 拢10 billion. This places it at a similar magnitude to road accidents (拢9 billion) and significantly greater than the impact on climate change (拢1 to 4 billion). A report published by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in March 2011 identified environmental noise as the second largest environmental health risk in Western Europe.

It is important that the impacts on noise are fully considered in decision making for any policy, programme or project.

The approach to use for valuing noise impacts will depend upon the decision being made. Economic valuation tools should be used for initial screening or decisions with a small impact on noise. Detailed analysis is required where the noise impacts may be substantial or have a large effect on the decision.

Economic valuation tools

Tools have been developed which convert changes in noise exposure to estimated monetary values, to support the assessment of the effects of environmental noise. The central estimates of values for road, rail and aircraft exposure are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. A range of sensitivities are available around these values from the Noise Modelling Tool.

The tables show an estimated value that corresponds to a change in the noise level. These values may not be suitable to use if:

• a decision is likely to have a substantial effect on noise
• the change in noise levels is going to affect the outcome of a decision

In these cases, a more detailed assessment may be justified.

Table 1: Total road, rail and aircraft noise marginal values, 拢 per household per dB change, Central Values, 2014 prices

Change in noise metric by decibel (dBA) (daytime noise metric)		Total Road (including sleep disturbance)	Total Rail (excluding sleep disturbance)	Total Aircraft (excluding sleep disturbance)
45.0	46.0	拢11.28	拢3.90	拢15.61
46.0	47.0	拢11.23	拢3.95	拢17.72
47.0	48.0	拢11.31	拢4.11	拢19.82
48.0	49.0	拢11.52	拢4.40	拢21.90
49.0	50.0	拢18.41	拢4.80	拢23.96
50.0	51.0	拢18.89	拢12.46	拢38.71
51.0	52.0	拢19.49	拢13.13	拢40.80
52.0	53.0	拢20.23	拢13.91	拢42.88
53.0	54.0	拢21.09	拢14.81	拢44.94
54.0	55.0	拢47.78	拢15.84	拢46.98
55.0	56.0	拢51.22	拢16.98	拢49.01
56.0	57.0	拢54.79	拢18.24	拢51.02
57.0	58.0	拢58.49	拢19.62	拢53.02
58.0	59.0	拢63.86	拢22.68	拢56.56
59.0	60.0	拢69.33	拢25.82	拢60.05
60.0	61.0	拢74.69	拢28.85	拢63.29
61.0	62.0	拢80.21	拢32.03	拢66.54
62.0	63.0	拢85.90	拢35.37	拢69.83
63.0	64.0	拢91.75	拢38.87	拢73.14
64.0	65.0	拢97.78	拢42.53	拢76.47
65.0	66.0	拢103.96	拢46.34	拢79.82
66.0	67.0	拢110.32	拢50.32	拢83.21
67.0	68.0	拢116.85	拢54.46	拢86.61
68.0	69.0	拢123.54	拢58.76	拢90.04
69.0	70.0	拢130.39	拢63.22	拢93.50
70.0	71.0	拢137.42	拢67.83	拢96.98
71.0	72.0	拢144.61	拢72.61	拢100.48
72.0	73.0	拢151.97	拢77.54	拢104.01
73.0	74.0	拢159.49	拢82.64	拢107.57
74.0	75.0	拢167.18	拢87.89	拢111.15
75.0	76.0	拢175.04	拢93.31	拢114.75
76.0	77.0	拢183.07	拢95.22	拢116.66
77.0	78.0	拢188.93	拢97.17	拢118.62
78.0	79.0	拢190.93	拢99.16	拢120.61
79.0	80.0	拢192.96	拢101.20	拢122.64
80.0	81.0	拢195.03	拢103.27	拢124.71

Notes:

1. There are no relationships available between the different noise indicators for rail and aircraft noise. If detailed data are not available for the specific indicator of interest, the available results for the daytime indicator can be used as an approximation for the other required indicator (e.g. assume Lden = LAeq,16h). This type of approach cannot be used for night noise.
2. Sleep disturbance has been excluded for rail and aircraft but included for road in the table. For road where Lnight is not available the daytime metric can be transformed into Lnight. However this relationship is not applicable for rail and aircraft. Sleep disturbance is presented separately in Table 2 against Lnight.

Table 2: Sleep disturbance night time noise marginal values 拢 per household per dB change, Central Values, 2014 prices

Change in Lnight noise metric by decibel dB(A)		Road	Rail	Aircraft
45	46	拢29.20	拢13.59	拢37.93
46	47	拢32.07	拢15.06	拢40.79
47	48	拢34.94	拢16.52	拢43.65
48	49	拢37.81	拢17.99	拢46.52
49	50	拢40.68	拢19.46	拢49.38
50	51	拢43.55	拢20.92	拢52.24
51	52	拢46.42	拢22.39	拢55.11
52	53	拢49.29	拢23.86	拢57.97
53	54	拢52.17	拢25.32	拢60.83
54	55	拢55.04	拢26.79	拢63.70
55	56	拢57.91	拢28.25	拢66.56
56	57	拢60.78	拢29.72	拢69.42
57	58	拢63.65	拢31.19	拢72.29
58	59	拢66.52	拢32.65	拢75.15
59	60	拢69.39	拢34.12	拢78.01
60	61	拢72.26	拢35.59	拢80.88
61	62	拢75.13	拢37.05	拢83.74
62	63	拢78.00	拢38.52	拢86.60
63	64	拢80.88	拢39.99	拢89.47
64	65	拢83.75	拢41.45	拢92.33
65	66	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
66	67	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
67	68	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
68	69	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
69	70	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
70	71	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
71	72	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
72	73	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
73	74	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
74	75	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
75	76	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
76	77	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
77	78	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
78	79	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
79	80	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19
80	81	拢86.62	拢42.92	拢95.19

Detailed assessment of noise impacts

Where the effect of noise is likely to be substantial or a decisive factor for a proposal, a detailed assessment may be justified. The scale of the assessment depends upon the characteristics of the decision. It is therefore not possible to provide a specific method that can be used in all situations.

To discuss the best approach to assess the impacts of noise, it is recommended that you contact IGCB@defra.gov.uk. To inform these discussions please have the following information available:

• background on the decision being made
• an outline of the proposal and different options being assessed
• the indicative noise assessment undertaken
• timing of the analysis to feed into the decision
• quantitative estimates of the other impacts of the decision

The appropriate evidence will depend on a range of factors. The potential areas for consideration can be broadly separated into 4 groups:

1. Amenity - the conscious displeasure of those exposed to the noise. At present 2 amenity impacts can be quantified and valued; sleep disturbance and annoyance.
2. Health - noise is associated with a range of effects on health. The 3 health effects currently valued are heart attacks, strokes and dementia.
3. Productivity - through distraction, fatigue and interrupting communication noise can have a negative impact on productivity. It is not yet possible to assess and value these impacts.
4. Environmental - noise can have a notable impact on the natural environment, for example noise may alter bird breeding patterns, disturb wildlife and damage sensitive ecosystems. At this time these impacts have not been valued.

The effects of night noise, school attainment and other factors such as the value of quiet areas have not been fully quantified. These cannot be included in full appraisal but it may be important to include these in future research.

Publications

• (PDF, 775 KB)

Noise Modelling Tool

This (MS Excel Spreadsheet, 6.28 MB) calculates the marginal costs associated with increases in transport noise (road, rail, aviation) above baseline values for:

• sleep disturbance
• annoyance
• Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI commonly referred to as heart attacks)
• hypertension

A (ODS, 1.9 MB) version is also available.

Supporting research

• Webtag Guidance on quantifying the impacts of noise for transport schemes
• WHO (2011)

Further information

• (PDF)